With all these configurations we have learned in our previous article for OSPF we have encountered so far (which are only the tip of the iceberg), it is a relief to have some of these configurations simplified by the web-based SDM GUI. To begin, we should take similar steps as we did with the CLI … Read more
One of the first steps you should take when configuring OSPF is to configure loopback interfaces to ensure that your Router ID matches the IP address of the loopback interface when the OSPF routing process is started. To create a virtual loopback interface, you configure it like a normal interface: The interface number for the … Read more
The most widely used link-state routing protocols today is an IETF standard routing protocol called Open Short Path First. Developed in 1988, this routing protocol was created to overcome the limitations that RIP presented for large-scale networks. This article looks at the fundamentals of OSPF and shows you how to apply them in your configuration. … Read more
Distance vector routing protocols are ideal for small networks that have routers with slow processing power and limited memory resources. Today’s enterprises require significantly larger networks that can scale way beyond the limits of distance vector routing protocols. As networks grow larger, routing protocols must also be able to react to topology changes faster to … Read more
RIP configuration using SDM are relatively similar and just as easy as configuring default and static routes. Select configuration, routing. Focus on the bottom of the screen for our dynamic routing protocols. When you click the edit button you can specify your routing protocol parameters. You can enable RIP by checking the checkbox and specifying … Read more
The preceding chapter looked at distance vector routing protocols from a sort of high altitude overview. This article brings you closer so that you can see the specific protocols that belong to this routing protocol class and explore the unique characteristics and functionality they provide. You will also learn how to configure those routing protocols … Read more
As already mentioned, classful routing protocols automatically summarized networks to the classful subnet boundaries. Classless routing protocols, on the other hand, require you to manually control the networks being summarized to your neighbors in the router configuration. By aggregating a contiguous set of networks into an advertised summarized route, you keep the size of the … Read more
When complex networks contain multiple interconnections, static routes are no longer a practical solution because they cannot adapt or react to changes in the topology. Not to mention, the configuration complexity can grow exponentially as you add more devices to the network. For example, give the network design shown in the figure below, router A … Read more
We have delved into many configurations of our routers that cover the administrative aspects of managing the device and providing basic connectivity. Don’t forget, however, that the routers were originally designed and created to do one main function. To give you a hint, the function is in its name. Recall that Layer 3 is responsible … Read more
Telnet is widely used as an in-band management protocol today for remotely administrating Cisco devices. As long as you have IP connectivity to the Cisco device and have configured a password on the vty lines, you can remotely administer your Cisco switches and routers. However, it is possible to limit the devices that can Telnet … Read more
Troubleshooting commands Troubleshooting a Cisco device and the networks to which it is connected is an integral part of being a Cisco administrator. Most of your troubleshooting can be solved by verifying your configurations and the device’s operations, using the show commands mentioned in the previous article. However, at times you may need to use … Read more
Using the show command to get information As an administrator of cisco routers and switches, it is inevitable that you will get information and statistics to verify the functionality of those devices and the networks that are connected to them. The crux of every command to view these statistics is the show keyword. This article … Read more
In this article, we’ll see the Cisco Router interface configuration under our CCNA course. Because a primary purpose of Cisco routers and switches is to transfer data between their interfaces, the configuration parameters that you apply to these interfaces dramatically affect how these devices operate in an Internetwork. These interface configurations vary depending on the … Read more
Quite often, you have to test connectivity or connect to a multitude of devices from your router or switch. Unless you have all their IP addresses memorized or you have a trusty topology map with you wherever you go, you might find it difficult to accurately recall their IP address information. To assist you when … Read more
This article is interconnected with the Navigating Cisco IOS software. If you haven’t read that yet, you must read that. After a clear and firm understanding of Navigation article, it is time to put that knowledge to the test by exposing yourself to the huge number of commands that are available for configuration and verification. … Read more
By now, you have a new-found love and respect for your Cisco equipment after knowing all the work that occurs when you turn on your router or switch. What better way to prove that love and respect but by mastering the IOS that the Cisco devices have so painstakingly found and loaded for your administration … Read more
Unfortunately, Cisco devices are not at the point where they can automatically configure themselves. With that being said, each Cisco device that contains an IOS (internetwork operating system) must have some interface in which you, the expert Cisco administrator, can interact with the operating system to perform any administration, configuration, and troubleshooting services. This article … Read more
Cisco IOS software is developed and maintained by Cisco to support a full array of system functions, applications (including Internet applications), and network hardware in a single software package. IOS software is installed on each Cisco router or switch and can accommodate network growth and provide for secure data transfers. The command-line interface (CLI) for … Read more
Cisco Routers and Switches Up to this point, we have discussed general internetworking technologies and devices to provide a background of the material relevant to the CCNA exam in previous articles. If you want to read them, you can do that. Here we have our previous articles under our CCNA Course. What is Internetworking in … Read more
In the previous articles, we have learned how to define and find the valid host ranges used in Class A, Class B, and Class C network address by turning the host bits all off and then all on. This is very good, but here’s the catch: we were defining only one network. What happens if … Read more
This article will cover important topics like IP Address classes, Network classes, private IP, Broadcasting, etc. One of the most important topics in any discussion of TCP/IP is IP addressing. An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network. It designates the specific location of a device on the … Read more
In this article of CCNA course, we’ll see what are the Internet Layer Protocols. In the DoD model, there are two main reasons for the Internet layer’s existence: routing and providing a single network interface to the upper layers. None of the upper or lower layer protocols have any functions relating to routing that complex … Read more
In this article of Internet Layer, we’ll see some of the key concepts of Host-to-Host Protocols under our CCNA Course. If you want to read details about Process/Application Layer or Host-to-Host Protocols layers before going further ahead, you can do that. Since we have seen, in previous articles, both a connection-oriented (TCP) and connectionless (UDP) … Read more
The main purpose of the Host-to-Host layer protocols is to shield the upper layer applications from the complexities of the network. This layer says to the upper layer, “just give me your data stream, with any instructions, and I’ll begin the process of getting your information ready to send.” The following sections describe the two … Read more
In this article, we’ll describe the different applications and services typically used in IP networks. The following protocols and applications are covered in this section: Telnet FTP TFTP NFS SMTP LPD X Windows SNMP DNS DHCPIBootP Let’s look at one by one. Telnet Telnet is the chameleon of protocol sites specialty is terminal emulation. It … Read more
In this article, we will have a brief introduction to TCP/IP and DoD Model of Internet Layer. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a standard that includes many protocols. It defines how machines on an internetwork can communicate with each other. It was initially funded by and developed for the Defense Advanced Research Projects … Read more
In this article of CCNA Course, we’ll discuss the three-layer Cisco Hierarchical Model. Most of us were exposed to hierarchy early in life. Anyone with older siblings learned what it was like to be at the bottom of the hierarchy. Regardless of where you first discovered hierarchy, today most of us experience it in many … Read more
In this article, we are going to see some brief introduction to Data Encapsulation in Networking which is covered under our CCNA course. When a host transmits data across a network to another device, the data goes through encapsulation. It is wrapped with protocol information at each layer of the OSI Model. Each layer communicates … Read more
An Ethernet Cable is one of the commonly used network cables that connect hardware in the local area network and we are going to discuss its types under our CCNA Course. If you want to know what are the types of Network, then you can click here. The cable that is used to make an … Read more
In this section of the CCNA course, we’ll learn a detail explanation about Ethernet Network and Gigabit Network. So let’s start with Ethernet Network and its implementation at different Network layers like Data Link Layer, Physical Layer, etc. If you want to know what are the layers of the OSI model, then click the link … Read more